ActivityĪctivity is the amount of energy spent for daily movements and physical activity. During PN, DIT and the respiratory quotient are affected by the mode of PN administration (continuously vs.
In orally fed healthy adult subjects the time of food consumption may affect DIT ( 9). DIT usually accounts for about 10% of daily energy needs. Diet Induced Thermogenesisĭiet induced thermogenesis (DIT) reflects the amount of energy needed for food digestion, absorption and part of synthesis and can, therefore, be affected by the route of substrate administration (oral, enteral or parenteral). cardiac, pulmonary), or can decrease in response to low energy intake. BMR may be increased in conditions such as inflammation, fever, chronic disease (i.e. Sleeping energy expenditure, a component of BMR was shown to be equal to REE × 0.9 ( 8). REE doesn't differ by more than 10% from BMR ( 7).
REE is similarly measured at rest in a thermo-neutral environment, after 8-12 hours fast and not immediately after awakening. In practice, resting energy expenditure (REE) is usually measured instead of BMR. It is measured in a recumbent position, in a thermo-neutral environment after 12 to 18 hours fast, just when the individual has awakened before starting daily activities. Basal Metabolic Rateīasal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of energy needed for maintaining vital processes of the body not including activity and food processing. During puberty and adolescence, energy expenditure is affected by gender, body composition and season, but not by the stage of puberty ( 6).
BMR CALCULATOR FOR KIDS FREE
On the other hand, Goran et al (1991) found that fat free mass, gender and fat mass are important determinants of total energy expenditure (TEE) in prepubertal children ( 5). No effect of gender on different components of daily energy expenditure was found in free-living prepubertal children ( 4). Energy needs may be affected by nutritional status, underlying diseases, energy intake, energy losses, age and gender. Total energy needs of a healthy individual are the sum of different components which can be divided into 4 main sub-groups: Basal metabolic rate (BMR), diet induced thermogenesis (DIT), physical activity (PA) and growth. hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, liver enzyme abnormalities, cholestasis, tolerance of cyclic administration etc.
In general, infants require more calories when fed enterally than when fed parenterally. Underfeeding, on the other hand, may result in malnutrition, impaired immunologic responses and impaired growth ( 3). Excessive energy intake may result in hyperglycaemia, increased fat deposition, fatty liver and other complications ( 2). ENERGY IN PAEDIATRIC PARENTERAL NUTRITION (PN) IntroductionĮnergy supply should aim at covering the nutritional needs of the patient (basal metabolic rate, physical activity, growth and correction of pre-existing malnutrition) including the support of anabolic functions ( 1). Key Words: Energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure, diet induced thermogenesis. Key Words: Energy expenditure, total parenteral nutrition, intensive care, critical care, prematurity, equations. Type of publications: original papers, meta-analyses, experts' recommendations, overviews. Timeframe: publications from 1990-2003, in addition relevant publications from 1978 were considered.